Limey Linux - Revision history

Bryan at 05:14, 25 January 2019

2019-01-25T05:14:55Z

Bryan: /* Limey Linux Instllation on a Large Compact Flash Card */

2019-01-25T05:13:11Z

Limey Linux Instllation on a Large Compact Flash Card

Bryan at 05:12, 25 January 2019

2019-01-25T05:12:21Z

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Bryan: /* Determine the Device Name */

2019-01-25T05:06:48Z

Determine the Device Name

Bryan: Created from docs.allstarlink.org

2019-01-25T05:02:12Z

Created from docs.allstarlink.org

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This section contains all of the HowTos' for Limey Linux. Limey Linux is a Compact Flash based Linux distribution optimized for Asterisk/app_rpt. Limey Linux is a slimmed down embedded Linux Distribution which supports a limited number of Mini-ITX motherboards. To run Asterisk/app_rpt on a standard PC with a hard drive, please use the ACID distribution instead.

'''PLEASE NOTE!! - This section was copied from the old docs.allstarlink.org site to preserve it.'''

'''Nothing here is relevant to current versions of AllStar.'''

= Booting Limey Linux for the First Time =

With the compact flash (CF) prepared, follow the procedure below to complete the installation.
# Make sure the PC to be used with Limey Linux is turned off
# Insert the CF into the reader on the PC,
# Connect the URI to a USB port on the PC
# Turn the PC on
# After the power on self test, the CF should be seen by the BIOS and the the system should start to boot.
# After booting completes, you should see a prompt on the monitor similar to: It appears that this is the first time this system has been booted. It would be prudent to change a few key settings now for the sake of security and convenience. Once this information is entered, the system will reboot and the next time the system boots, this message will not re-appear. Would you like to do this now (Y/N)? Say yes by typing the 'Y' key.
# You will be prompted to change the root password. Enter the password you would like to use twice.
# After the password is set, you will be prompted to set the time zone. The default is PST8PDT. This is what you will get if you just hit return. US timezones are EST5EDT,CST6CDT,MST7MDT,MST7MST,PST8PDT.
# You will be asked if you want to change the host name. To change the host name, type Y. and then enter the host name when prompted.
# You will be asked how to set up the network. Choose D for a DHCP network configuration (common) or choose S for a static IP (uncommon) and enter the network information requested.
# The system will now reboot.
# Log back in, and you are now ready to run <code>nodesetup</code> to configure your system for the Allstar Link.

= Install =

This article explains how to do an installation of Limey Linux on a Compact Flash card, and go through the initial configuration after the first boot. This installation article is for those users who have a compatible motherboard, and a URI radio interface. Using Limey Linux with the Quad Radio PCI card is feasible, but is beyond the scope of this article.
{| class="wikitable"
|Warning! Read these instructions carefully as it is possible to overwrite your hard drive on your PC if you mis-type something. The auther will not be responsible for any error in this document, or error on the reader's part.
|}

=== Requirements ===
# A linux-based PC connected to the Internet with a USB Compact Flash writer attached. Your user account will need to be configured to enable the use of <code>sudo.</code>
# A 128MB, 256MB, or 512MB Compact Flash device

=== Determine the Device Name ===
# Remove all USB flash drives, USB hard drives, and other removable disks attached to the system. Invoke a terminal window if running under X-windows.
# Run <code>sudo fdisk -lu</code>. The output should look similar to this: Disk /dev/sdb: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders, total 312581808 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xb51ef163 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 63 23085404 11542671 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 23085405 33591914 5253255 83 Linux /dev/sdb3 * 33591915 138464234 52436160 83 Linux /dev/sdb4 138464235 243336554 52436160 83 Linux
# Insert the compact flash disk into the compact flash writer
# Run <code>sudo fdisk -lu</code>. The output should look similar to this: Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 63 23085404 11542671 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 23085405 33591914 5253255 83 Linux /dev/sdb3 * 33591915 138464234 52436160 83 Linux /dev/sdb4 138464235 243336554 52436160 83 Linux Disk /dev/sdc: 1024 MB, 1024966656 bytes 32 heads, 62 sectors/track, 1009 cylinders, total 2001888 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/sdc doesn't contain a valid partition table Or This: Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 63 23085404 11542671 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 23085405 33591914 5253255 83 Linux /dev/sdb3 * 33591915 138464234 52436160 83 Linux /dev/sdb4 138464235 243336554 52436160 83 Linux Disk /dev/sdc: 2042 MB, 2042191872 bytes 5 heads, 50 sectors/track, 15954 cylinders, total 3988656 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x97880540 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdc1 * 50 254749 127350 6 FAT16 We are looking for any partition which is not an internal hard drive. Comparing the output in step 2, we see that /dev/sdc is a new device which was displayed in step 4 but not in step 2. In this particular case, /dev/sdc is the device name we are interested in as the size matches the size of the compact flash device we inserted into the writer. Make a note of your device name as it will be required to write the disk image to the compact flash in the next section. We will refer to the noted device as /dev/devicenamenoted throughout the rest of this article.
# If you see a valid partition on the compact flash device (Step 4 example output 2) you will need unmount the partition. To unmount the partition, type <code>sudo umount /dev/devicenamenoted</code>

= Limey Linux Instllation on a Large Compact Flash Card =

=== Written by Randy Hammock - KC6HUR ===
The following is the procedure I use to load Limey Linux onto a CF card. Since the CF card I was configuring in this example is significantly larger than Limey boot image, I also configured the remaining space on the CF card to be a Linux partition that can be used for additional storage (can you say audio files?). This procedure has been used to configure CF cards up to 4GB without any problems.

I use a Compact Flash to PCMCIA adapter which I then plug into PCMCIA adapter on my main computer running Ubuntu 8.04 LTS (Hardy Heron). On my system, the CF card is identified as /dev/sdc. '''Please note that this could end up being called a different device on your system!''' Ubuntu mounts the device and displays any partitions found in file browser windows. Close the windows then locate the device icons on the Desktop, right-click on them and select '''unmount volume'''

We are now ready to proceed to load our Limey Linux image onto the CF card. In this example, I'm loading an image for the d201gly2 mobo.

Once you have down loaded the image from the Limey Linux web site and un-tarred it, you need to copy the image to the CF card using the Linux '''dd''' command. '''Note: You must be root or use the sudo command for the following procedures to work:'''

<code>root@sierra:/home/rhammock# dd if=cfimg-d201gly2-1.0.6 of=/dev/sdc</code>

<code>250880+0 records in</code>

<code>250880+0 records out</code>

<code>128450560 bytes (128 MB) copied, 233.421 s, 550 kB/s</code>

The Limey Linux image has now been copied onto the CF card. We will now create a Linux partition so that remainder of the card can be used for additional storage.

<code>root@sierra:/home/rhammock# fdisk /dev/sdc</code>

<code>The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 4036.</code>

<code>There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,</code>

<code>and could in certain setups cause problems with:</code>

<code>1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)</code>

<code>2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs</code>

<code>(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)</code>

Using the '''p''' command we can see that about 25% of the CF card is being used by the Limey Linux boot partition:

<code>Command (m for help): p</code>

<code>Disk /dev/sdc: 512 MB, 512483328 bytes</code>

<code>4 heads, 62 sectors/track, 4036 cylinders</code>

<code>Units = cylinders of 248 * 512 = 126976 bytes</code>

<code>Disk identifier: 0x00000000</code>

<code>Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System</code>

<code>/dev/sdc1 * 1 1011 125333 6 FAT16</code>

The '''n''' command is used to create a new partition. This will be a primary partition and use number 2 since 1 is the boot partition. Just press Enter for the First cylinder and Last cylinder questions to accept the default conditions which be to use the remainder of the CF card.

<code>Command (m for help): n</code>

<code>Command action</code>

<code>e extended</code>

<code>p primary partition (1-4)</code>

<code>p</code>

<code>Partition number (1-4): 2</code>

<code>First cylinder (1012-4036, default 1012):</code>

<code>Using default value 1012</code>

<code>Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1012-4036, default 4036):</code>

<code>Using default value 4036</code>

Use the '''p''' command to examine our current configuration.

<code>Command (m for help): p</code>

<code>Disk /dev/sdc: 512 MB, 512483328 bytes</code>

<code>4 heads, 62 sectors/track, 4036 cylinders</code>

<code>Units = cylinders of 248 * 512 = 126976 bytes</code>

<code>Disk identifier: 0x00000000</code>

<code>Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System</code>

<code>/dev/sdc1 * 1 1011 125333 6 FAT16</code>

<code>/dev/sdc2 1012 4036 375100 83 Linux</code>

We must now write this configuration out to the CF card using the '''w''' command.

<code>Command (m for help): w</code>

<code>The partition table has been altered!</code>

<code>Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.</code>

<code>WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.</code>

<code>The kernel still uses the old table.</code>

<code>The new table will be used at the next reboot.</code>

<code>Syncing disks.</code>

We must now format the newly created partition. To do this we will use the '''mkfs''' (Make Filesystem) command. From above, we see that the Linux partition is located on /dev/sdc2 (the second partition on /dev/sdc). Remember, your system might have the CF card configured as a different device.

<code>root@sierra:/home/rhammock# mkfs -t ext2 /dev/sdc2</code>

<code>mke2fs 1.40.8 (13-Mar-2008)</code>

<code>Filesystem label=</code>

<code>OS type: Linux</code>

<code>Block size=1024 (log=0)</code>

<code>Fragment size=1024 (log=0)</code>

<code>93840 inodes, 375100 blocks</code>

<code>18755 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user</code>

<code>First data block=1</code>

<code>Maximum filesystem blocks=67633152</code>

<code>46 block groups</code>

<code>8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group</code>

<code>2040 inodes per group</code>

<code>Superblock backups stored on blocks:</code>

<code>8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801, 221185</code>

<code>Writing inode tables: done</code>

<code>Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done</code>

<code>This filesystem will be automatically checked every 31 mounts or</code>

<code>180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.</code>

Because Ubuntu remounted the boot partition and opened a File Browser window for that partition when we finished creating the Linux partition, close the File Browser window then unmount the device as was done before.

You can now eject the Compact Flash to PCMCIA adapter from the PCMCIA adapter. The CF card is now ready to be used on the Asterisk computer.

= Preparing the Compact Flash =

=== Choosing Which Image to Download ===
There are unique precompiled images for different groups of motherboards. The correct image must be chosen or the system may fail to boot, or some of the on-board peripherals such as the network controller will not be properly initialized. Currently, there are 2 different images available:
# i586 image for VIA Mini-ITX motherboard models ME-6000, SP-8000 and CN-10000
# i686 image for supported Mini-ITX motherboards: Intel D201GLY2, Intel D945GCLF, and Igoe Logic I3386G
The image file must be selected,downloaded, and unpacked. Please note: VIA motherboards do not have enough processing power to support the URI. If your radio interface is a URI, you must use one of the other Motherboards in the above list.

The URL <nowiki>http://limeylinux.org/downloads</nowiki> lists all of the available compact flash images. Below is a list of what's available on the site as of 10/10/2009:
cfimg-i686-supported-1.0.8.tar.gz
cfimg-i586-via-1.0.8.tar.gz
All compact flash images start with the letters 'cfimg'. If the word 'test'or 'pre' is in the image name, this means the image is a test image and should be avoided for production systems unless you are aware of what has been changed.

=== Download and Unpack the Image ===
# After you have decided which image is right for you, open up a terminal window on your Linux system, and download it using the wget command: <code>wget -N <nowiki>http://limeylinux.org/downloads/cfimg-x86-xxxx-x.x.x.tar.gz</nowiki></code> Where: cfimg-x86-xxxx-x.x.x.tar.gz is the image you chose above.
# Unpack the image by typing: <code>tar xvfz cfimg-x86-xxxx-x.x.x.tar.gz</code>

=== Copy the Image to the Compact Flash ===
Now all that's left to do is to copy the image to the compact flash. Using the device name you determined on the previous page, and the unpacked image file, type the following being extra careful not to make any typing mistakes:
<code>sudo dd if=cfimg-x.x.x of=/dev/devicenamenoted</code>
Where: cfimg-x.x.x is the unpacked compact flash image, and /dev/devicenamenoted is the name of the CF writer determined on the previous page.

= Save Asterisk Binary =
On Limey Linux it may be necessary to save the Asterisk bin files, notably after adding node sound files. The commands below creates a file astbin in the current directory (usually /root) and moves it to the CF card.

<code>svastbin</code>

<code>mount /mnt/cf</code>

<code>mv astbin.tgz /mnt/cf/astbin.tgz</code>

<code>umount /mnt/cf</code>

Limey Linux decompresses astbin.tgz to create the Asterisk binaries in memory on system boot up.
[[Category:Obsolete]]

@@ Line 117: / Line 117: @@
 The '''n''' command is used to create a new partition. This will be a primary partition and use number 2 since 1 is the boot partition. Just press Enter for the First cylinder and Last cylinder questions to accept the default conditions which be to use the remainder of the CF card.
-Command (m for help): n
+ Command (m for help): n
-Command action
+ Command action
-e extended
+ e extended
-p primary partition (1-4)
+ p primary partition (1-4)
-−
+ p
-Partition number (1-4): 2
+ Partition number (1-4): 2
-First cylinder (1012-4036, default 1012):
+ First cylinder (1012-4036, default 1012):
-Using default value 1012
+ Using default value 1012
-Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1012-4036, default 4036):
+ Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1012-4036, default 4036):
-Using default value 4036
+ Using default value 4036
-−
 Use the '''p''' command to examine our current configuration.
-−
-Command (m for help): p
+ Command (m for help): p
-−
-Disk /dev/sdc: 512 MB, 512483328 bytes
+ Disk /dev/sdc: 512 MB, 512483328 bytes
 heads, 62 sectors/track, 4036 cylinders
-Units = cylinders of 248 * 512 = 126976 bytes
+ Units = cylinders of 248 * 512 = 126976 bytes
-Disk identifier: 0x00000000
+ Disk identifier: 0x00000000
-−
-Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
+ Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
-/dev/sdc1 * 1 1011 125333 6 FAT16
+ /dev/sdc1 * 1 1011 125333 6 FAT16
-/dev/sdc2 1012 4036 375100 83 Linux
+ /dev/sdc2 1012 4036 375100 83 Linux
-−
 We must now write this configuration out to the CF card using the '''w''' command.
-−
-Command (m for help): w
+ Command (m for help): w
-The partition table has been altered!
+ The partition table has been altered!
-−
-Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
+ Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
-−
-WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
+ WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
-The kernel still uses the old table.
+ The kernel still uses the old table.
-The new table will be used at the next reboot.
+ The new table will be used at the next reboot.
-Syncing disks.
+ Syncing disks.
-−
 We must now format the newly created partition. To do this we will use the '''mkfs''' (Make Filesystem) command. From above, we see that the Linux partition is located on /dev/sdc2 (the second partition on /dev/sdc). Remember, your system might have the CF card configured as a different device.
-root@sierra:/home/rhammock# mkfs -t ext2 /dev/sdc2
+ root@sierra:/home/rhammock# mkfs -t ext2 /dev/sdc2
-mke2fs 1.40.8 (13-Mar-2008)
+ mke2fs 1.40.8 (13-Mar-2008)
-Filesystem label=
+ Filesystem label=
-OS type: Linux
+ OS type: Linux
-Block size=1024 (log=0)
+ Block size=1024 (log=0)
-Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
+ Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
 inodes, 375100 blocks
 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
-First data block=1
+ First data block=1
-Maximum filesystem blocks=67633152
+ Maximum filesystem blocks=67633152
 block groups
 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
 inodes per group
-Superblock backups stored on blocks:
+ Superblock backups stored on blocks:
 , 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801, 221185
-−
-Writing inode tables: done
+ Writing inode tables: done
-Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
+ Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
-−
-This filesystem will be automatically checked every 31 mounts or
+ This filesystem will be automatically checked every 31 mounts or
 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 === Determine the Device Name ===
 # Remove all USB flash drives, USB hard drives, and other removable disks attached to the system. Invoke a terminal window if running under X-windows.
-# Run <code>sudo fdisk -lu</code>. The output should look similar to this:  Disk /dev/sdb: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders, total 312581808 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xb51ef163     Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System /dev/sdb1              63    23085404    11542671   83  Linux /dev/sdb2        23085405    33591914     5253255   83  Linux /dev/sdb3   *    33591915   138464234    52436160   83  Linux /dev/sdb4       138464235   243336554    52436160   83  Linux
+# Run <code>sudo fdisk -lu</code>.   The output should look similar to this:
 # Insert the compact flash disk into the compact flash writer
-# Run <code>sudo fdisk -lu</code>. The output should look similar to this:     Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System /dev/sdb1              63    23085404    11542671   83  Linux /dev/sdb2        23085405    33591914     5253255   83  Linux /dev/sdb3   *    33591915   138464234    52436160   83  Linux /dev/sdb4       138464235   243336554    52436160   83  Linux  Disk /dev/sdc: 1024 MB, 1024966656 bytes 32 heads, 62 sectors/track, 1009 cylinders, total 2001888 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000   Disk /dev/sdc doesn't contain a valid partition table  Or This:     Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System /dev/sdb1              63    23085404    11542671   83  Linux /dev/sdb2        23085405    33591914     5253255   83  Linux /dev/sdb3   *    33591915   138464234    52436160   83  Linux /dev/sdb4       138464235   243336554    52436160   83  Linux  Disk /dev/sdc: 2042 MB, 2042191872 bytes 5 heads, 50 sectors/track, 15954 cylinders, total 3988656 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x97880540     Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System /dev/sdc1   *          50      254749      127350    6  FAT16  We are looking for any partition which is not an internal hard drive. Comparing the output in step 2, we see that /dev/sdc is a new device which was displayed in step 4 but not in step 2. In this particular case, /dev/sdc is the device name we are interested in as the size matches the size of the compact flash device we inserted into the writer. Make a note of your device name as it will be required to write the disk image to the compact flash in the next section. We will refer to the noted device as /dev/devicenamenoted throughout the rest of this article.
+# Run <code>sudo fdisk -lu</code>.  The output should look similar to this:
-# If you see a valid partition on the compact flash device (Step 4 example output 2) you will need unmount the partition. To unmount the partition, type <code>sudo umount /dev/devicenamenoted</code>
+     Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
 = Limey Linux Instllation on a Large Compact Flash Card =